The "Ten Plagues" refer to a series of calamities that, according to the biblical book of Exodus, struck Egypt as a divine punishment. These plagues were sent by God to persuade Pharaoh to release the Israelites from slavery. The plagues included turning water into blood, swarms of frogs, lice, flies, livestock disease, boils, hail, locusts, darkness, and the death of the firstborn. Each plague escalated in severity, demonstrating the power of God and the consequences of Pharaoh's refusal to comply. The final plague led to the Exodus, where the Israelites fled Egypt, marking a significant event in Jewish history and celebrated during the festival of Passover.