Sultan Mahmud Shah II was the last ruler of the Malacca Sultanate, reigning from 1456 to 1511. His rule marked a significant period in the history of Malacca, a vital trading hub in Southeast Asia. Sultan Mahmud faced challenges from external forces, particularly the Portuguese, who sought to control the lucrative spice trade. In 1511, the Portuguese successfully captured Malacca, leading to the end of Sultan Mahmud's reign. After his defeat, he fled to Johor, where he continued to resist Portuguese influence. His legacy is remembered as a symbol of the struggle against colonial powers in the region.