Sultan Abdulhamid II was the 34th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, reigning from 1876 to 1909. He is known for his efforts to modernize the empire, including reforms in education, infrastructure, and the military. His rule was marked by a struggle to maintain the empire's territorial integrity amid rising nationalist movements. Despite his modernization efforts, Abdulhamid II faced criticism for his authoritarian governance and censorship. He was eventually deposed in a coup led by the Young Turks, a reformist group seeking to establish a constitutional government. His reign remains a significant period in the history of the Ottoman Empire.