The Stewart dynasty was a royal family that ruled Scotland and later England from the late 14th century until the 17th century. It began with Robert II, the first Stewart king of Scotland, and included notable monarchs like James I and Mary, Queen of Scots. The dynasty played a significant role in the unification of Scotland and England. In 1603, James VI of Scotland became James I of England, marking the start of the Stuart period in England. The dynasty faced challenges, including civil wars and conflicts with Parliament, leading to the eventual downfall of the monarchy in England during the English Civil War.