Spatial data models are frameworks used to represent and analyze geographic information. They help in organizing data related to the location and shape of features on the Earth's surface, such as rivers, roads, and buildings. Common types of spatial data models include vector and raster models, which differ in how they store and represent spatial information. The vector model uses points, lines, and polygons to depict discrete features, while the raster model represents continuous data through a grid of cells or pixels. These models are essential in fields like geographic information systems (GIS) and urban planning, enabling better decision-making based on spatial relationships.