Spacecraft design involves creating vehicles that can travel beyond Earth's atmosphere. This process includes selecting materials that can withstand extreme temperatures and radiation in space. Engineers must also consider the spacecraft's purpose, whether it's for exploration, communication, or scientific research, which influences its shape and size. Key components of spacecraft design include propulsion systems, power sources, and communication equipment. For example, rockets are often used for launching spacecraft, while solar panels provide energy during missions. Additionally, designers must ensure that the spacecraft can safely carry instruments and, in some cases, astronauts, to achieve its mission objectives.