Soviet Ukraine refers to the period when Ukraine was part of the Soviet Union, from 1922 until its independence in 1991. During this time, Ukraine underwent significant industrialization and collectivization, which transformed its economy and society. The region faced challenges, including the devastating Holodomor, a man-made famine in the early 1930s that resulted in millions of deaths. Culturally, Soviet Ukraine experienced a mix of repression and promotion of Ukrainian language and arts. The government implemented policies to encourage Ukrainian culture, but dissent was often met with harsh consequences. Despite these challenges, Ukraine maintained a distinct identity within the Soviet framework.