The Southern Dynasties refer to a series of Chinese dynasties that ruled southern China during the period from 420 to 589 AD. This era followed the fall of the Eastern Jin Dynasty and included the Liu Song, Southern Qi, Liang, and Chen Dynasties. These dynasties were characterized by cultural flourishing, economic development, and the spread of Buddhism. Despite their achievements, the Southern Dynasties faced constant threats from the Northern Dynasties, which controlled northern China. The political landscape was marked by fragmentation and rivalry among various states. Ultimately, the Southern Dynasties were unified under the Sui Dynasty in 589 AD, ending this period of division.