Soil drainage refers to the process by which excess water moves through soil layers and is removed from the soil profile. Good drainage is essential for healthy plant growth, as it prevents waterlogging, which can suffocate roots and lead to poor nutrient uptake. Factors affecting soil drainage include soil texture, structure, and the presence of organic matter. There are various methods to improve soil drainage, such as installing drainage tiles or creating swales to redirect water. Additionally, adding organic materials like compost can enhance soil structure, allowing for better water movement. Proper drainage management is crucial for sustainable agriculture and landscaping.