The Shapley object is a mathematical concept used in cooperative game theory, named after the mathematician Lloyd Shapley. It helps to determine how to fairly distribute payoffs among players who contribute to a joint effort. The Shapley value assigns a value to each player based on their contribution to the total outcome, considering all possible combinations of players. In addition to game theory, the Shapley object has applications in various fields, including economics, political science, and computer science. It provides a systematic way to analyze and allocate resources or rewards, ensuring that each participant receives a fair share based on their input.