The Seventy Years' War refers to a prolonged conflict between the Dutch Republic and the Spanish Empire that lasted from 1568 to 1648. It began as a revolt against Spanish rule in the Netherlands, driven by issues such as heavy taxation and religious persecution. The war saw various phases, including military battles and political negotiations, ultimately leading to significant changes in European power dynamics. The conflict concluded with the signing of the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648, which recognized the independence of the Dutch Republic. This treaty marked a turning point in European history, establishing principles of state sovereignty and laying the groundwork for modern international relations.