Seismology is the scientific study of earthquakes and the propagation of seismic waves through the Earth. It helps us understand the causes of earthquakes, their effects, and how to measure their intensity using instruments like seismographs. Seismologists analyze data to assess earthquake risks and improve safety measures in vulnerable areas. Volcanology is the study of volcanoes, lava, magma, and related geological phenomena. Volcanologists investigate volcanic eruptions, their causes, and their impact on the environment and human life. By monitoring volcanic activity, they can provide warnings about potential eruptions, helping to protect communities near active volcanoes like Mount St. Helens and Kilauea.