The Second Constitutional Era in Turkey began in 1908 when the Young Turks movement successfully restored the constitution of 1876, which had been suspended. This period marked a shift towards a more democratic governance structure, allowing for political pluralism and the establishment of political parties. The era aimed to modernize the Ottoman Empire and address various social and economic issues. However, the Second Constitutional Era faced numerous challenges, including ethnic tensions and military conflicts. The Balkan Wars (1912-1913) and World War I (1914-1918) significantly weakened the empire, leading to its eventual dissolution. The era ended with the establishment of the Republic of Turkey in 1923.