Scottish innovations have significantly impacted various fields, particularly in science and technology. Notable inventions include the steam engine developed by James Watt, which revolutionized transportation and industry during the Industrial Revolution. Additionally, the telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell, a Scottish-born inventor, changing global communication forever. In medicine, penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming, leading to breakthroughs in antibiotic treatments. The tarmac road surface, invented by John McAdam, improved transportation infrastructure. These innovations highlight Scotland's rich history of creativity and contribution to modern society, influencing countless aspects of daily life.