The Saxon Kingdoms were a group of early medieval states in what is now England, established by the Anglo-Saxons after their migration from continental Europe. These kingdoms, including Wessex, Mercia, and Northumbria, emerged around the 5th century and played a crucial role in shaping English history. Each kingdom had its own ruler and distinct culture, often engaging in conflicts and alliances with one another. Over time, the Saxon Kingdoms began to unify under stronger rulers, particularly during the reign of Alfred the Great in the late 9th century. This unification laid the groundwork for the formation of a single English kingdom, which would eventually evolve into the modern nation of England. The legacy of the Saxon Kingdoms is still evident in place names and cultural traditions today.