Sampling methods are techniques used to select a subset of individuals or items from a larger population for the purpose of analysis. Common methods include random sampling, where each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected, and stratified sampling, which involves dividing the population into distinct subgroups and sampling from each. These methods help researchers gather data efficiently and make inferences about the entire population without needing to study every individual. Other techniques include systematic sampling, where samples are chosen at regular intervals, and convenience sampling, which selects individuals based on easy access.