Samnium was an ancient region located in central Italy, primarily inhabited by the Samnites, a group of Italic tribes. The area was characterized by its mountainous terrain and rich natural resources, which played a significant role in the culture and economy of the Samnites. During the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE, Samnium became known for its conflicts with the expanding Roman Republic. The Samnites fought in a series of wars, known as the Samnite Wars, which ultimately led to their defeat and incorporation into Roman territory, significantly influencing the region's history.