The Rhodesian Bush War, also known as the Second Chimurenga, took place from 1964 to 1979 in what was then known as Rhodesia. It was a conflict between the white-minority government, led by Prime Minister Ian Smith, and various nationalist groups seeking independence and majority rule, primarily the Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) and the Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU). The war resulted in significant loss of life and widespread destruction. It ended with the signing of the Lancaster House Agreement in 1979, leading to recognized independence and the establishment of Zimbabwe under the leadership of Robert Mugabe in 1980.