Reservoir characterization is the process of understanding the properties and behavior of a geological formation that contains fluids, such as oil or natural gas. This involves analyzing various factors, including rock types, porosity, permeability, and fluid saturation. By gathering and interpreting data from geological surveys, well logs, and core samples, geologists can create a detailed model of the reservoir. Effective reservoir characterization helps in predicting how fluids will move within the rock and informs decisions about extraction methods. It is essential for optimizing production and ensuring the economic viability of hydrocarbon resources while minimizing environmental impacts.