"Republican Spain" refers to the period from 1931 to 1939 when Spain was governed as a republic. This era began with the establishment of the Second Spanish Republic, which aimed to modernize the country and promote social reforms. The government faced challenges from various political factions, including anarchists, socialists, and nationalists. The period culminated in the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939), a conflict between the Republican forces and the Nationalists, led by Francisco Franco. The war ended with a Nationalist victory, leading to Franco's dictatorship and the suppression of republican ideals for decades.