Protocols are established rules and conventions that govern how data is transmitted and received over networks. They ensure that devices can communicate effectively, regardless of their underlying hardware or software. Common examples include HTTP for web traffic and TCP/IP for internet communication. In addition to facilitating communication, protocols also define the format and order of messages exchanged between systems. This standardization is crucial for interoperability, allowing different systems and applications to work together seamlessly. Without protocols, the digital world would be chaotic and inefficient, hindering the development of technologies we rely on today.