Network protocols are standardized rules and conventions that allow different devices to communicate over a network. They define how data is transmitted, formatted, and processed, ensuring that devices can understand each other. Common examples include TCP/IP, which is essential for internet communication, and HTTP, which is used for transferring web pages. These protocols operate at various layers of the OSI model, which organizes network functions into seven layers. Each layer has specific responsibilities, such as data transmission, error handling, and session management. By adhering to these protocols, devices can effectively share information and resources across diverse networks.