The Principality of Salerno was a historical state in southern Italy, established in the early Middle Ages. It emerged around the 9th century and became a significant center of culture and learning, particularly known for its medical school, which was one of the first in Europe. The principality played a crucial role in the development of Italian and European medicine. At its height, the principality was ruled by a series of local princes, contributing to the region's political and economic stability. It eventually fell under the control of the Normans in the 11th century, leading to its integration into the larger Kingdom of Sicily.