Portuguese Ceylon refers to the period when the Portuguese established control over parts of Sri Lanka in the 16th century. They arrived in 1505 and focused on trade, particularly in spices, which were highly valued in Europe. The Portuguese built forts and established trading posts along the coast, significantly influencing local culture and economy. The Portuguese rule lasted until the late 17th century when they faced challenges from the Dutch and local kingdoms. The Dutch East India Company eventually took over many Portuguese territories, marking the decline of Portuguese influence in the region. This period left a lasting impact on Sri Lankan history and culture.