A Population and Housing Census is a systematic process conducted by governments to collect data about the people living in a specific area and the characteristics of their homes. This information helps in understanding demographic trends, such as age, gender, and ethnicity, as well as housing conditions, like the number of rooms and access to basic services. The census typically occurs every ten years and is crucial for planning public services, such as schools and hospitals. It also informs policy decisions and resource allocation, ensuring that communities receive the support they need based on accurate population data.