Demography is the study of human populations, focusing on their size, distribution, and characteristics. It examines factors such as birth rates, death rates, and migration patterns to understand how populations change over time. By analyzing this data, demographers can identify trends that affect society, such as aging populations or urbanization. This field is essential for planning in areas like healthcare, education, and urban development. For instance, understanding the demographics of a region can help governments allocate resources effectively. Tools like census surveys and population projections are commonly used to gather and analyze demographic information.