Polyploidy is a condition in which an organism has more than two complete sets of chromosomes. This can occur naturally through processes like hybridization or errors during cell division. Polyploidy is common in plants, where it can lead to increased size and vigor, and is often a key factor in the evolution of new species. In agriculture, polyploidy is significant because many crops, such as wheat and cotton, are polyploid. These plants often exhibit desirable traits, such as improved yield and disease resistance. Understanding polyploidy helps scientists and farmers develop better varieties of crops for food production.