Polymer nanocomposites are materials made by combining polymers with nanoscale fillers, typically measuring less than 100 nanometers. These fillers can include materials like clay, carbon nanotubes, or metal oxides, which enhance the properties of the base polymer. The incorporation of these nanoscale materials can improve strength, thermal stability, and barrier properties, making them suitable for various applications. The unique characteristics of polymer nanocomposites arise from the large surface area of the nanoscale fillers, which allows for better interaction with the polymer matrix. This results in improved performance in industries such as packaging, automotive, and electronics, where lightweight and durable materials are essential.