Pollard's Rho is an algorithm used for integer factorization, which is the process of breaking down a number into its prime components. It is particularly effective for finding small factors of large numbers and is based on the idea of random sequences. The algorithm uses a function to generate a sequence of numbers and applies the Floyd's cycle-finding algorithm to detect cycles, which helps identify factors. The name "Rho" comes from the Greek letter ρ (rho), symbolizing the random nature of the algorithm. Pollard's Rho is efficient for numbers with small prime factors and is often used in cryptography, especially in breaking the security of systems relying on the difficulty of factorization, such as RSA.