Number Theory is a branch of mathematics that deals with the properties and relationships of numbers, particularly integers. It explores concepts such as divisibility, prime numbers, and the solutions to equations involving whole numbers. Famous problems in this field include the Fermat's Last Theorem and the Goldbach Conjecture. This area of study has fascinated mathematicians for centuries and has applications in cryptography, computer science, and more. Number Theory not only helps in understanding the structure of numbers but also provides tools for solving complex mathematical problems, making it a vital part of modern mathematics.