The term "Philippics" refers to a series of speeches delivered by the ancient Greek orator Demosthenes in the 4th century BCE. These speeches were aimed at opposing the expansionist policies of Philip II of Macedon, who sought to dominate the Greek city-states. Demosthenes passionately argued for Greek unity and resistance against Macedonian influence. Later, the term was adopted to describe vehement denunciations or attacks, particularly in political contexts. One notable example is the speeches by Cicero against Mark Antony in 44-43 BCE, which were also called Philippics. These speeches criticized Antony's actions and sought to rally support for the Roman Republic.