Philip II of France, also known as Philip Augustus, was a king who ruled from 1180 to 1223. He is best known for expanding the French territory and strengthening the monarchy. Philip successfully waged wars against the Plantagenets, particularly during the Anglo-French conflicts, which allowed him to gain control over significant lands in Normandy and Anjou. Philip II was also a key figure in the Third Crusade, where he allied with Richard the Lionheart of England. His reign marked the beginning of a more centralized French state, laying the groundwork for future kings. Philip's administrative reforms improved governance and increased royal power.