The Pharaonic period refers to the time in ancient Egypt when the country was ruled by a series of monarchs known as pharaohs. This era began around 3100 BCE with the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt and lasted until the conquest by Alexander the Great in 332 BCE. The pharaohs were considered both political and religious leaders, often associated with the divine. During the Pharaonic period, ancient Egyptians made significant advancements in various fields, including architecture, art, and writing. Iconic structures like the Pyramids of Giza and the Sphinx were built during this time. The period is also known for its rich mythology, hieroglyphic writing, and the practice of mummification, reflecting the Egyptians' beliefs in the afterlife.