Pharaonic Egypt refers to the ancient civilization that thrived along the Nile River from around 3100 BCE to 30 BCE. It is known for its remarkable achievements in architecture, art, and governance, with the pyramids of Giza and the Sphinx being iconic symbols of this era. The society was ruled by pharaohs, who were considered both political leaders and divine figures. The civilization was characterized by a complex social structure, advanced agricultural practices, and a rich religious life centered around numerous deities. The hieroglyphic writing system was used for record-keeping and monumental inscriptions, while the mummification process reflected their beliefs in the afterlife.