Peruvian history begins with ancient civilizations, such as the Moche and Nazca, known for their impressive architecture and pottery. The Inca Empire, which emerged in the 15th century, became the largest empire in pre-Columbian America, famous for its advanced agricultural techniques and the construction of Machu Picchu. In the 16th century, Spanish conquistadors, led by Francisco Pizarro, invaded and conquered the Inca Empire, leading to centuries of colonial rule. Peru gained independence in 1821, with leaders like José de la Riva-Agüero playing key roles. Today, Peru is a diverse nation with a rich cultural heritage influenced by its indigenous and colonial past.