Periodontal pathogens are harmful bacteria that contribute to gum disease, affecting the tissues surrounding the teeth. These microorganisms thrive in the dental plaque that forms on teeth and gums. When not properly managed through oral hygiene, they can lead to inflammation, infection, and ultimately tooth loss. Common periodontal pathogens include Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, and Treponema denticola. These bacteria can trigger an immune response, causing the gums to become red, swollen, and bleed easily. Effective dental care, including regular brushing, flossing, and professional cleanings, is essential to control these pathogens and maintain healthy gums.