The Penal Reform Movement emerged in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, advocating for changes in the criminal justice system. It aimed to address the harsh conditions of prisons and promote rehabilitation over punishment. Reformers believed that individuals could change and reintegrate into society if given proper support and education. Key figures in this movement included John Howard, who highlighted the inhumane treatment of prisoners, and Elizabeth Fry, who focused on the needs of women in prisons. The movement led to significant changes, such as the establishment of more humane prison conditions and the introduction of rehabilitation programs.