Pedro II of Brazil was the second and last emperor of Brazil, reigning from 1831 to 1889. Born on April 2, 1825, he ascended to the throne at just five years old after his father, Dom Pedro I, abdicated. His reign is noted for significant cultural, economic, and social advancements, including the abolition of slavery in 1888. Pedro II was a well-educated and progressive leader who promoted science, technology, and the arts. He traveled extensively in Europe and the United States, fostering diplomatic relations. However, his monarchy faced political challenges, leading to the establishment of the Brazilian Republic in 1889, which resulted in his deposition.