The Papanicolaou test, commonly known as the Pap smear, is a medical procedure used to screen for cervical cancer in women. During the test, a healthcare provider collects cells from the cervix, which is the lower part of the uterus. These cells are then examined under a microscope to detect any abnormalities that may indicate cancer or precancerous conditions. Regular Pap smears are recommended for women starting at age 21, with follow-up tests every three years, or every five years if combined with the HPV test. Early detection through the Papanicolaou test can significantly improve treatment outcomes and reduce the risk of cervical cancer.