P16 refers to a specific gene known as CDKN2A, which plays a crucial role in regulating the cell cycle. It produces a protein that helps control cell division and prevents the growth of tumors. Mutations in the P16 gene can lead to uncontrolled cell proliferation, contributing to the development of various cancers, particularly melanoma. The P16 gene is often studied in cancer research due to its significant impact on tumor suppression. Testing for P16 mutations can help in assessing cancer risk and guiding treatment options. Understanding P16's function is essential for developing targeted therapies in oncology.