The Olmecs were one of the earliest civilizations in Mesoamerica, flourishing around 1200 to 400 BCE in what is now southern Mexico. They are known for their impressive stone sculptures, particularly the giant heads carved from basalt. The Olmecs are often considered the "mother culture" of later civilizations, influencing groups like the Maya and Aztecs. Their society was complex, with advancements in agriculture, trade, and art. The Olmecs practiced a form of writing and had a calendar system, showcasing their intellectual achievements. They worshipped a variety of deities, often depicted in their art, reflecting their rich spiritual beliefs and connection to nature.