Observational methods are research techniques used to gather data by watching subjects in their natural environment. This approach allows researchers to collect information without manipulating any variables, providing insights into behaviors, interactions, and contexts. Observational methods can be structured, where specific behaviors are recorded, or unstructured, where the researcher notes everything that occurs. These methods are commonly used in fields like psychology, sociology, and anthropology. They can involve direct observation, where the researcher is present, or participant observation, where the researcher engages with the subjects. This approach helps in understanding complex social dynamics and real-world situations.