Norman castles were fortifications built by the Normans during the 11th and 12th centuries, primarily in England and parts of France. These castles were designed for defense and often featured a motte (a raised earthwork) and a bailey (a courtyard). The motte typically held a wooden or stone keep, providing a stronghold for the lord and his family. The architecture of Norman castles reflected the military needs of the time, with thick stone walls and narrow windows for protection. Many castles, such as the famous Tower of London, were strategically placed to control land and trade routes, showcasing the power and influence of the Norman rulers.