The Norman Kingdom of Sicily was established in the 11th century when the Normans, originally from northern France, conquered the island of Sicily. Under the leadership of Roger II, the kingdom became a powerful and culturally rich state, blending influences from Arab, Byzantine, and Latin cultures. The kingdom reached its height in the 12th century, known for its advancements in administration, architecture, and the arts. The capital, Palermo, became a vibrant center of trade and learning, showcasing the unique fusion of diverse traditions that characterized the Norman rule in Sicily.