The Neo-Babylonian period, also known as the Chaldean Dynasty, lasted from 626 to 539 BCE. It marked a time of cultural and political revival in the ancient city of Babylon, located in present-day Iraq. This era is best known for its impressive architectural achievements, including the famous Hanging Gardens, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, and the reconstruction of the Ishtar Gate. The most notable ruler of the Neo-Babylonian Empire was Nebuchadnezzar II, who expanded the empire and made significant contributions to its culture and infrastructure. The period is characterized by advancements in astronomy, mathematics, and literature, reflecting the rich intellectual life of the time.