Mycobacterial infections are caused by bacteria from the Mycobacterium genus, which includes species like Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium leprae. These bacteria can lead to diseases such as tuberculosis (TB) and leprosy, affecting the lungs, skin, and other organs. Mycobacterial infections are often chronic and can be difficult to treat due to the bacteria's unique cell wall structure, which makes them resistant to many antibiotics. Transmission of mycobacterial infections varies; for instance, Mycobacterium tuberculosis spreads through the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes. Symptoms may include persistent cough, fever, and weight loss for TB, while leprosy can cause skin lesions and nerve damage. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are crucial for managing these infections effectively.