Mycobacterium is a genus of bacteria known for its unique, waxy cell wall, which makes them resistant to many common antibiotics. This group includes several important species, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis, and Mycobacterium leprae, which causes leprosy. These bacteria can survive in harsh environments and often require specialized growth conditions in the laboratory. Infections caused by Mycobacterium can be chronic and difficult to treat due to their slow growth and resistance to standard treatments. Diagnosis typically involves specific tests, such as skin tests or cultures, to identify the presence of these bacteria. Public health measures are crucial in controlling the spread of diseases associated with Mycobacterium.