"Muslim rule" refers to the governance established by Muslim leaders and empires throughout history, particularly during the Middle Ages. This period saw the rise of various dynasties, such as the Umayyads and Abbasids, which expanded their territories across parts of Asia, Africa, and Europe. Under Muslim rule, many regions experienced significant cultural, scientific, and economic advancements. During this time, Islamic law, or Sharia, often guided governance, influencing social and legal systems. The flourishing of trade routes, such as the Silk Road, facilitated cultural exchanges and the spread of knowledge, including advancements in mathematics, medicine, and philosophy, benefiting both Muslim and non-Muslim communities.