The Monarchs of Scotland were the rulers of Scotland from the early medieval period until the union with England in 1707. The first recognized king was Kenneth MacAlpin, who united the Picts and Scots in the 9th century. Over the centuries, the monarchy saw various dynasties, including the House of Dunkeld and the House of Stuart, each contributing to Scotland's political and cultural development. The monarchy faced challenges such as invasions, civil wars, and power struggles. Notable monarchs include Robert the Bruce, who led Scotland during the Wars of Scottish Independence, and Mary, Queen of Scots, whose reign was marked by controversy and tragedy. The last monarch before the union was Queen Anne.