Modern art movements refer to various styles and philosophies that emerged from the late 19th century to the mid-20th century, challenging traditional artistic conventions. Key movements include Impressionism, which focused on capturing light and color, and Cubism, pioneered by artists like Pablo Picasso, which fragmented objects into geometric shapes. Other significant movements include Surrealism, which explored the unconscious mind and dream imagery, and Abstract Expressionism, emphasizing spontaneous, emotional expression. These movements collectively reflect a shift towards innovation and experimentation in art, influencing contemporary practices and encouraging artists to explore new ideas and techniques.